Notes with worthy tutorials
Memory Mapped I/O and Isolated I/O are two methods of performing input-output operations between CPU and installed peripherals in the system. Memory mapped I/O uses the same address bus to connect both primary memory and memory of hardware devices. Thus the instruction to address a section or portion or segment of RAM can also be used to address … Read more
Port : A port is an adapter which enables a system to communicate with its input/output devices. Using port user can connect I/O devices and use them. There various types of port such as parallel port, serial port etc. Differences Between Fixed Port and Variable Port Addressing : Fixed Port … Read more
Hamming Technique (7,4) : In this case, we will have 4 bits of data and we will add 3 bits of redundant with the data by calculating the 4-bit data. For example, taking a 4-bit data as, The encoder will encode the data as follows , Thus the decoder will receive, 0 1 1 0 … Read more
Error Detection or Parity Check Method : A general way to detect errors is to append a special bit to every word. One popular technique employs a single check bit called parity bit. The parity bit is append to an n-bit word X = x0, x1,….., xn-1 to form the (n+1)-bit word X* = x0, x1,….., … Read more
Error: Various factors like manufacturing defects to environmental effects cause errors in computation. Such errors frequently appear when information is being transmitted between two relatively distant points within a computer or is being stored a memory unit. Shortly, error is missing of bit or bits in data due to change and various effects. Error Detection: … Read more
Comparing Different Types of Memory Devices in Terms of Cost & Performance: The best way to measure the cost of a memory device is the purchase price of a complete unit of its. Let C be the price in dollars of a complete memory system with S bits of storage capacity. The cost c of … Read more
For a CPU to perform at its maximum potential, it needs rapid and continuous access to memory. However, high-speed memory is costly, which necessitates the use of various levels of memory that balance performance and cost. Here’s an overview of the different types of memories in a computer system and their organization in a multilevel memory hierarchy.
Von Neumann Architecture: In 1947, John Von Neumann developed an architecture of a new stored-programmed electronic computer which is also referred as the IAS computer as the Institute for Advanced Studies in Princeton. Key concepts of that design are as follows. Stored program concept. Data and instructions are stored in a single read-write memory. Arithmetic … Read more
Expanded Structure of Von Neumann Architecture The expanded structure of the Von Neumann Architecture or the IAS computer is given below, Legends of the above given figure are given below, MBR (Memory Buffer Register): MBR is a two-way register that holds the data fetched from memory and ready for the CPU to process or the data waiting … Read more
Working Principles of Intel 8086 Microprocessor Execution of instructions can be used to explain the working principles of the microprocessor. This is given below, The BIU outputs the contents of the instruction pointer register (IP) onto the address bus, causing the selected byte or word to be read into the BIU. Register IP is incremented by … Read more