Notes with worthy tutorials
Einstein’s Photoelectric Equation : According to Einstein, light of frequency consists of a shower of photons, is of energy . When a photon of light of frequency is incident on a metal, a part of the energy acquired by the electron is used to pull out the electron from the surface of the metal and the rest of … Read more
Electric Flux For an arbitrary closed surface, the net outward flow or flux is the product of the average outdrawn normal component of the vector and the area of surface. Electric flux is used to express the relation between and its source. Flux is denoted by = (average normal component)×(surface area) The unit of electric flux … Read more
Flux If is a vector field, then the flux through any face is defined as the scalar product of the vector area of the face and the vector . That is, Flux = (component of velocity normal to the face) × (area of the face) The amount of flux per unit area is … Read more
Electric Charge The reason present in a material causes static electricity, electric field in the material and the material become able to attract other materials is called electric charge. It may be positive or negative. Unit of electric charge is coulomb (C).
Dextrorotatory and laevorotatory substances are optically active substances. Dextrorotatory substances Substances which rotate the plane of polarization of the light towards the right are known as dextrorotatory substances. Laevorotatory substances Substances which rotate the plane of polarization of the light towards the left are known as laevorotatory substances.
Optical activity Optical activity is the ability of a substance to rotate the plane of polarization of plane polarized light. Substances which have this ability are called optically active substance. Tartaric acid is an example of optically active liquid. Explanation When a polarizer and analyzer are crossed, no light emerges out of the analyzer. When … Read more
Nicol prism Nicol prism was invented by William Nicol in 1828. It is an optical device used for producing and analyzing plane polarized light. The nicol prism is made in such a way that it eliminates one of the two rays by total internal reflection. It is generally found that it eliminates the ordinary ray … Read more
Double refraction Erasmus Bartholinus discovered in 1669, that, when a ray of light is refracted by a crystal of calcite it gives two refracted rays. This phenomenon is called double refraction. Calcite is crystallized calcium carbonate (CaCO3). It crystallizes in many forms and can be reduced by cleavage or breakage into a rhombohedra.
Phase velocity Phase velocity is the velocity with which a plane progressive wave front travels forward. Phase velocity is symbolized by . It has a constant phase = Group velocity The group velocity () is the speed with which the point of reinforcement of the resultant wave travels. The group velocity is different from the individual … Read more
Phase angle Phase angle is defines as the fraction of the time interval that has lapsed since the particle has crossed the mean position of rest in the positive direction. It is also equal to the angle swept by the radius vector since the vibrating particle last crossed its mean position of rest. For a … Read more