Nicol prism Nicol prism was invented by William Nicol in 1828. It is an optical device used for producing and analyzing plane polarized light. The nicol prism is made in such a way that it eliminates one of the two rays by total internal reflection. It is generally found that it eliminates the ordinary ray …
Double refraction Erasmus Bartholinus discovered in 1669, that, when a ray of light is refracted by a crystal of calcite it gives two refracted rays. This phenomenon is called double refraction. Calcite is crystallized calcium carbonate (CaCO3). It crystallizes in many forms and can be reduced by cleavage or breakage into a rhombohedra.
Phase velocity Phase velocity is the velocity with which a plane progressive wave front travels forward. Phase velocity is symbolized by . It has a constant phase = Group velocity The group velocity () is the speed with which the point of reinforcement of the resultant wave travels. The group velocity is different from the individual …
Phase angle Phase angle is defines as the fraction of the time interval that has lapsed since the particle has crossed the mean position of rest in the positive direction. It is also equal to the angle swept by the radius vector since the vibrating particle last crossed its mean position of rest. For a …
